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Abstract
In the context of cloud computing, services are held on cloud servers, where
the clients send their data to the server and obtain the results returned by
server. However, the computation, data and results are prone to tampering due
to the vulnerabilities on the server side. Thus, verifying the integrity of
computation is important in the client-server setting. The cryptographic method
known as Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) is renowned for facilitating private and
verifiable computing. ZKP allows the client to validate that the results from
the server are computed correctly without violating the privacy of the server's
intellectual property. Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of
Knowledge (zkSNARKs), in particular, has been widely applied in various
applications like blockchain and verifiable machine learning. Despite their
popularity, existing zkSNARKs approaches remain highly computationally
intensive. For instance, even basic operations like matrix multiplication
require an extensive number of constraints, resulting in significant overhead.
In addressing this challenge, we introduce \textit{zkVC}, which optimizes the
ZKP computation for matrix multiplication, enabling rapid proof generation on
the server side and efficient verification on the client side. zkVC integrates
optimized ZKP modules, such as Constraint-reduced Polynomial Circuit (CRPC) and
Prefix-Sum Query (PSQ), collectively yielding a more than 12-fold increase in
proof speed over prior methods. The code is available at
https://github.com/UCF-Lou-Lab-PET/zkformer