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Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) has recently proliferated significantly, consisting of
headsets or head-mounted displays (HMDs) and hand controllers for an embodied
and immersive experience. The VR device is usually embedded with different
kinds of IoT sensors, such as cameras, microphones, communication sensors, etc.
However, VR security has not been scrutinized from a physical hardware point of
view, especially electromagnetic emanations (EM) that are automatically and
unintentionally emitted from the VR headset. This paper presents VReaves, a
system that can eavesdrop on the electromagnetic emanation side channel of a VR
headset for VR app identification and activity recognition. To do so, we first
characterize the electromagnetic emanations from the embedded IoT sensors
(e.g., cameras and microphones) in the VR headset through a signal processing
pipeline and further propose machine learning models to identify the VR app and
recognize the VR app activities. Our experimental evaluation with commercial
off-the-shelf VR devices demonstrates the efficiency of VR app identification
and activity recognition via electromagnetic emanation side channel.