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Abstract
Power side-channel attacks exploit the dynamic power consumption of
cryptographic operations to leak sensitive information of encryption hardware.
Therefore, it is necessary to conduct power side-channel analysis for assessing
the susceptibility of cryptographic systems and mitigating potential risks.
Existing power side-channel analysis primarily focuses on post-silicon
implementations, which are inflexible in addressing design flaws, leading to
costly and time-consuming post-fabrication design re-spins. Hence, pre-silicon
power side-channel analysis is required for early detection of vulnerabilities
to improve design robustness. In this paper, we introduce SCAR, a novel
pre-silicon power side-channel analysis framework based on Graph Neural
Networks (GNN). SCAR converts register-transfer level (RTL) designs of
encryption hardware into control-data flow graphs and use that to detect the
design modules susceptible to side-channel leakage. Furthermore, we incorporate
a deep learning-based explainer in SCAR to generate quantifiable and
human-accessible explanation of our detection and localization decisions. We
have also developed a fortification component as a part of SCAR that uses
large-language models (LLM) to automatically generate and insert additional
design code at the localized zone to shore up the side-channel leakage. When
evaluated on popular encryption algorithms like AES, RSA, and PRESENT, and
postquantum cryptography algorithms like Saber and CRYSTALS-Kyber, SCAR,
achieves up to 94.49% localization accuracy, 100% precision, and 90.48% recall.
Additionally, through explainability analysis, SCAR reduces features for GNN
model training by 57% while maintaining comparable accuracy. We believe that
SCAR will transform the security-critical hardware design cycle, resulting in
faster design closure at a reduced design cost.