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Abstract
Adversarial attacks are a serious threat to the reliable deployment of
machine learning models in safety-critical applications. They can misguide
current models to predict incorrectly by slightly modifying the inputs.
Recently, substantial work has shown that adversarial examples tend to deviate
from the underlying data manifold of normal examples, whereas pre-trained
masked language models can fit the manifold of normal NLP data. To explore how
to use the masked language model in adversarial detection, we propose a novel
textual adversarial example detection method, namely Masked Language
Model-based Detection (MLMD), which can produce clearly distinguishable signals
between normal examples and adversarial examples by exploring the changes in
manifolds induced by the masked language model. MLMD features a plug and play
usage (i.e., no need to retrain the victim model) for adversarial defense and
it is agnostic to classification tasks, victim model's architectures, and
to-be-defended attack methods. We evaluate MLMD on various benchmark textual
datasets, widely studied machine learning models, and state-of-the-art (SOTA)
adversarial attacks (in total $3*4*4 = 48$ settings). Experimental results show
that MLMD can achieve strong performance, with detection accuracy up to 0.984,
0.967, and 0.901 on AG-NEWS, IMDB, and SST-2 datasets, respectively.
Additionally, MLMD is superior, or at least comparable to, the SOTA detection
defenses in detection accuracy and F1 score. Among many defenses based on the
off-manifold assumption of adversarial examples, this work offers a new angle
for capturing the manifold change. The code for this work is openly accessible
at \url{https://github.com/mlmddetection/MLMDdetection}.
External Datasets
AG-NEWS
IMDB
SST-2
References
ICCV
Adversarial Example Detection Using Latent Neighborhood Graph
Ahmed A. Abusnaina, Yuhang Wu, Sunpreet S. Arora, Yizhen Wang, Fei Wang, Hao Yang, David A. Mohaisen
Published: 2021
Toward Mitigating Adversarial Texts
Basemah Alshemali, Jugal Kumar Kalita
Published: 2019
EMNLP
Generating Natural Language Adversarial Examples
Moustafa Farid Alzantot, Yash Sharma, Ahmed Elgohary, Bo-Jhang Ho, Mani B. Srivastava, Kai-Wei Chang
Published: 2018
Oakland
Membership Inference Attacks From First Principles
Nicholas Carlini, Steve Chien, Milad Nasr, Shuang Song, A. Terzis, Florian Tramèr
Published: 2022
AISec
Adversarial Examples Are Not Easily Detected: Bypassing Ten Detection Methods
Nicholas Carlini, David A. Wagner
Published: 2017
NIPS
InfoGAN: Interpretable Representation Learning by Information Maximizing Generative Adversarial Nets
Xi Chen, Yan Duan, Rein Houthooft, John Schulman, Ilya Sutskever, P. Abbeel
Published: 2016
Proceedings of NAACL-HLT
Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, Kristina Toutanova
Published: 2019
ICLR
Towards Robustness Against Natural Language Word Substitutions
Xinshuai Dong, Anh Tuan Luu, Rongrong Ji, Hong Liu
Published: 2021
ACL
HotFlip: White-Box Adversarial Examples for Text Classification
J. Ebrahimi, Anyi Rao, Daniel Lowd, Dejing Dou
Published: 2018
EMNLP
Text Processing Like Humans Do: Visually Attacking and Shielding NLP Systems