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Abstract
We propose a probabilistic perspective on adversarial examples, allowing us
to embed subjective understanding of semantics as a distribution into the
process of generating adversarial examples, in a principled manner. Despite
significant pixel-level modifications compared to traditional adversarial
attacks, our method preserves the overall semantics of the image, making the
changes difficult for humans to detect. This extensive pixel-level modification
enhances our method's ability to deceive classifiers designed to defend against
adversarial attacks. Our empirical findings indicate that the proposed methods
achieve higher success rates in circumventing adversarial defense mechanisms,
while remaining difficult for human observers to detect.