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Abstract
A significant challenge in energy system cyber security is the current
inability to detect cyber-physical attacks targeting and originating from
distributed grid-edge devices such as photovoltaics (PV) panels, smart flexible
loads, and electric vehicles. We address this concern by designing and
developing a distributed, multi-modal anomaly detection approach that can sense
the health of the device and the electric power grid from the edge. This is
realized by exploiting unsupervised machine learning algorithms on multiple
sources of time-series data, fusing these multiple local observations and
flagging anomalies when a deviation from the normal behavior is observed.
We particularly focus on the cyber-physical threats to the distributed PVs
that has the potential to cause local disturbances or grid instabilities by
creating supply-demand mismatch, reverse power flow conditions etc. We use an
open source power system simulation tool called GridLAB-D, loaded with real
smart home and solar datasets to simulate the smart grid scenarios and to
illustrate the impact of PV attacks on the power system. Various attacks
targeting PV panels that create voltage fluctuations, reverse power flow etc
were designed and performed. We observe that while individual unsupervised
learning algorithms such as OCSVMs, Corrupt RF and PCA surpasses in identifying
particular attack type, PCA with Convex Hull outperforms all algorithms in
identifying all designed attacks with a true positive rate of 83.64% and an
accuracy of 95.78%. Our key insight is that due to the heterogeneous nature of
the distribution grid and the uncertainty in the type of the attack being
launched, relying on single mode of information for defense can lead to
increased false alarms and missed detection rates as one can design attacks to
hide within those uncertainties and remain stealthy.