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Abstract
Machine learning benefits from large training datasets, which may not always
be possible to collect by any single entity, especially when using
privacy-sensitive data. In many contexts, such as healthcare and finance,
separate parties may wish to collaborate and learn from each other's data but
are prevented from doing so due to privacy regulations. Some regulations
prevent explicit sharing of data between parties by joining datasets in a
central location (confidentiality). Others also limit implicit sharing of data,
e.g., through model predictions (privacy). There is currently no method that
enables machine learning in such a setting, where both confidentiality and
privacy need to be preserved, to prevent both explicit and implicit sharing of
data. Federated learning only provides confidentiality, not privacy, since
gradients shared still contain private information. Differentially private
learning assumes unreasonably large datasets. Furthermore, both of these
learning paradigms produce a central model whose architecture was previously
agreed upon by all parties rather than enabling collaborative learning where
each party learns and improves their own local model. We introduce Confidential
and Private Collaborative (CaPC) learning, the first method provably achieving
both confidentiality and privacy in a collaborative setting. We leverage secure
multi-party computation (MPC), homomorphic encryption (HE), and other
techniques in combination with privately aggregated teacher models. We
demonstrate how CaPC allows participants to collaborate without having to
explicitly join their training sets or train a central model. Each party is
able to improve the accuracy and fairness of their model, even in settings
where each party has a model that performs well on their own dataset or when
datasets are not IID and model architectures are heterogeneous across parties.