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Abstract
Increasingly multi-purpose AI models, such as cutting-edge large language
models or other 'general-purpose AI' (GPAI) models, 'foundation models,'
generative AI models, and 'frontier models' (typically all referred to
hereafter with the umbrella term 'GPAI/foundation models' except where greater
specificity is needed), can provide many beneficial capabilities but also risks
of adverse events with profound consequences. This document provides
risk-management practices or controls for identifying, analyzing, and
mitigating risks of GPAI/foundation models. We intend this document primarily
for developers of large-scale, state-of-the-art GPAI/foundation models; others
that can benefit from this guidance include downstream developers of end-use
applications that build on a GPAI/foundation model. This document facilitates
conformity with or use of leading AI risk management-related standards,
adapting and building on the generic voluntary guidance in the NIST AI Risk
Management Framework and ISO/IEC 23894, with a focus on the unique issues faced
by developers of GPAI/foundation models.